- Development Studies, Environment, Adaptation, Environmental Impact Assessment, Ecosystem Services, Climate Change, and 34 moreClimate change policy, Climate Change Adaptation, Climate Change Adaptation And Mitigation Strategies, Climate Change and Food Security, Impacts Of Climatic Change On Agriculture, Climate Change Impacts, Climate Change in Developing Countries, Climate change adaptation measures, global Climate change, Adaptation to Climate Change, Impact of climate change on sea level rise, Social Work, Corporate Social Responsibility, Criminal Justice, Sustainable Development, Development Economics, Community Development, International Development, Peace and Conflict Studies, Forced Migration, Rural Development, Development, Economic Development, Environmental Sustainability, Peace & Conflict Studies, Technology for Community Development, Environmental Conflicts Resolution, Post-conflict Reconstruction and Development, Human-wildlife conflicts, Conflict Resolution, Post Conflict Issues, Social Conflict, Social Conflict Theory, and Human Services & Social Workedit
- Samson Samuel Ogallah is a Researcher and Development Practitioner with expertise in climate change, sustainable development, sustainability, program and resource management, grant management, policy actions, strategic planning, peacebuilding-conflict prevention, civil rights and social actions.edit
— This study was undertaken to assess the impacts of climate change on agricultural productivity and farmers' adaptation strategies in southwest Nigeria. The study sourced primary data from a total of 411 households who are mainly farmers... more
— This study was undertaken to assess the impacts of climate change on agricultural productivity and farmers' adaptation strategies in southwest Nigeria. The study sourced primary data from a total of 411 households who are mainly farmers and it also used different Transdisciplinary (TD) methods and approaches including Social Analysis System (SAS 2), multi-stage sampling techniques, structured questionnaires, focused group discussion and key informant/in-depth interview. The secondary data was obtained from credible publications and institutions including the Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NiMet). The primary data obtained was triangulated with the secondary data to arrive at the findings of this study which covered a period of 31 years from 1985 to 2015. The findings from this study showed that crop yield had drastically decreased due to erratic rainfall, increase in sunshine hours, increase in temperature and pest infestation. This calls for urgent actions to be taken by all relevant stakeholders in the agriculture sector be it the farmers themselves, government, private sector, non-governmental organizations and other non-state actors to adequately address the adverse impacts of climate change.
Research Interests: Environmental Science, Development Economics, Environmental Economics, Development Studies, Peace and Conflict Studies, and 66 moreSocial Research Methods and Methodology, Corporate Social Responsibility, Climate Change, Research Methodology, International Development, Renewable Energy, International Trade, Climate Change Adaptation, Environmental Studies, Adaptation to Climate Change, Philosophy Of Climate Change, Climate change policy, Monitoring And Evaluation, Sustainable Development, Climate variability, Design Research, Human Resource Management, Environmental Management, Environment and natural resources conservation, Natural Resource Management, Climate change biology, Climate, Energy and Environment, Climate Change Adaptation And Mitigation Strategies, Renewable energy resources, Environmental Sustainability, Impact of climate change on sea level rise, Climate Change and impacts on Mountain streams, Research, Peace & Conflict Studies, Climate Change Discourses, Tourism and climate change, Landscape, Modelling Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources, Energy efficiency, Climate Change and coastal zones, Climate modeling, Climate Change and Biodiversity, Climate Change Impacts, Climate Impacts to Fisheries, Climate ethics, Climate Justice, Peacebuilding, Biodiversity Conservation, Climate Change and Silviculture, global Climate change, Climate Change Mitigation, Climate change and human health, Climate Change Law, Landscape Planning, Climate responsive Architecture, Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Nexus, Project, Programme, Portofolio Management, Climate Change and Its Impact on Food Security and Agriculture, Climate Science, Climate Change and Food Security, Climate change and sustainable food production, Climate change adaptation measures, Natural and anthropogenic climate change, Climate Change in Developing Countries, Climate Change and Resilient Dryland Systems, Climate Politics, Landscape and Land-use-history, Macroeconomics, Dvelopment Economics and International Economics, Climate Change Effect of Crops and Soil, and Water Management and Climate Change
The Paris Agreement was adopted by over 190 countries during the 21st Conference of Parties (COP21) held in December 2015 in Paris. The Agreement heralded many years of global climate negotiations, culminating in an agreement of a common... more
The Paris Agreement was adopted by over 190 countries during the 21st Conference of Parties (COP21) held in December 2015 in Paris. The Agreement heralded many years of global climate negotiations, culminating in an agreement of a common roadmap towards mitigating the effects of climate change. This included reducing the accumulation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and holding the global average increase in temperature to well below 2°C, while pursuing efforts to limit the average temperature increase to 1.5°C above preindustrial levels, while concurrently ensuring sustainable development and the eradication of poverty. One of the major elements that informed the Paris Agreement was the INDCs. At the 19th Conference of Parties (COP19) held in Warsaw, Poland, Parties took a Decision5 which called on all Parties to the Convention to develop, as well as communicate in a manner that provided clarity and transparency, their INDCs. This Decision required that Parties produce their INDCs well in advance of COP21, as well as in accordance with the objectives of the Convention and in line with Article 2 of the Convention. The contributions by Parties should be a progression beyond their current undertaking and without prejudice to the legal nature of such contributions6. These contributions were indications of “intentions” by all Parties of their ‘voluntary’ commitment towards combating the challenges of climate change through their domestic emissions reduction efforts. These “intentions” thereafter formed the basis for action of the Parties, which is now referred to as Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) in the Paris Agreement. The Agreement is expected to be legally binding on Parties that have ratified it. Recalling Decision 1/CP.20 paragraph 9-12 of COP20 in Lima, African countries were encouraged to consider components of adaptation and mitigation when communicating their INDCs8. All five EAC Member States complied with the inclusion of mitigation and
adaptation components in their INDCs based on this Decision, as well as at the request of the African
Ministerial Conference on the Environment (AMCEN). As of April 2016, and in line with the invitation and request by the COPs, a total of 161 INDCs were synthesized of the 189 Parties that communicated their INDCs. However, the cumulative effect of their implementation by 2025 and 2030 fails to meet the
threshold of holding the global temperature increase within the scope of 2°C scenarios, let alone the 1.5°C threshold. From the total submissions, 53 African countries were among the Parties that communicated their INDCs to the UNFCCC Secretariat before the Paris Agreement was officially opened for signature in New York, April 22, 2016. All the EAC Member States are Parties to the Convention, and all submitted their INDCs to the UNFCCC prior to COP21. This study acknowledges that even though not all mitigation questions on NDCs of EAC Member States may have been answered, it will require continuous research and analysis as the implementation of NDCs is an iterative process and the content is subject to revision by the submitting Parties.
adaptation components in their INDCs based on this Decision, as well as at the request of the African
Ministerial Conference on the Environment (AMCEN). As of April 2016, and in line with the invitation and request by the COPs, a total of 161 INDCs were synthesized of the 189 Parties that communicated their INDCs. However, the cumulative effect of their implementation by 2025 and 2030 fails to meet the
threshold of holding the global temperature increase within the scope of 2°C scenarios, let alone the 1.5°C threshold. From the total submissions, 53 African countries were among the Parties that communicated their INDCs to the UNFCCC Secretariat before the Paris Agreement was officially opened for signature in New York, April 22, 2016. All the EAC Member States are Parties to the Convention, and all submitted their INDCs to the UNFCCC prior to COP21. This study acknowledges that even though not all mitigation questions on NDCs of EAC Member States may have been answered, it will require continuous research and analysis as the implementation of NDCs is an iterative process and the content is subject to revision by the submitting Parties.
Research Interests: Development Studies, Peace and Conflict Studies, Globalization, Climate Change, Renewable Energy, and 22 moreClimate Change Adaptation, Adaptation to Climate Change, Climate change policy, Sustainable Development, Africa, Poverty Reduction Strategies, Natural Resource Management, Climate, Climate Change Adaptation And Mitigation Strategies, Environmental Sustainability, Research, Climate Change Impacts, global Climate change, Climate Change Mitigation, Poverty and Inequality, Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Nexus, Climate Change and Food Security, Climate Finance, Climate governance; low carbon development, climate justice, business and climate change, Climate Change in Developing Countries, Climate Politics, and Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation
After decades of deliberation, the Paris Agreement has thrust climate policy into a new era of adaptation implementation. Developing countries in particular are in need of global support for adaptation; climate finance, capacity building,... more
After decades of deliberation, the Paris Agreement has thrust climate policy into a new era of adaptation implementation. Developing countries in particular are in need of global support for adaptation; climate finance, capacity building, and improved governance are critical to this support’s effectiveness. This report highlights the experiences of nations in the Global South in adaptation. We emphasize the need to bolster the effectiveness of climate adaptation action in order to ensure that the world’s most vulnerable people are well-equipped to respond to the impacts of climate change.
The report begins with an analysis of the changes in approaches to adaptation since the inception of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The analysis examines the latest generation of adaptation plans, in which the global community turns from conceptualizing and deliberating adaptation to action.
Chapter 2 introduces climate finance, a primary challenge in adaptation. There is a significant gap between funding for adaptation and funding for mitigation. Furthermore, the lack of transparency in global finance flows makes it difficult to track funding for adaptation. This chapter focuses on ten years of adaptation and resilience work in Southeast Asia in order to better understand the challenges and opportunities for climate finance.
Chapter 3 outlines key challenges for least developed countries (LDCs) in accessing climate finance, particularly from the Green Climate Fund. The complicated application process, along with the lack of clarity in the definition of adaptation as opposed to development, and an insufficient number of implementing agencies are barriers to acquiring adaptation finance.
The fourth chapter acknowledges the unique position of Latin American and Caribbean countries (LACs). LACs are among the countries most vulnerable to climate change. They have successfully made use of finance readiness programs through the Green Climate Fund. This chapter argues that, building on existing efforts, Parties to the UNFCCC should continue to assess vulnerable groups, communities, and ecosystems by seeking synergies between traditional and local knowledge in order to formulate reliable socioeconomic and environmental policies.
Chapter 5 examines monitoring, reporting, and verification practices in Latin America and the Caribbean. While developed countries have historically borne much of the onus for tracking adaptation finance, there is growing interest among recipient nations in improving their own systems. Beginning with an overview of climate finance flows to the region, this work discusses steps that Latin American and Caribbean countries are taking to improve climate finance tracking, and the importance of developing international guidelines.
Chapter 6 deals with accountability in climate adaptation. It is currently impossible to calculate the support received by developing countries because their Biennial Update Reports (BURs) lack comprehensive information. There is an urgent need for common methodologies, clear reporting guidelines, and building capacity for reporting to enhance transparency, promote accountability, and ensure that the support developing countries need fully aligns with the support they receive.
The seventh chapter emphasizes the importance of building capacity for the long term in developing countries. Drawing on other international development regimes, we identify common themes and best practices that can be applied to capacity building for climate change. These include participatory planning between and across developed and developing countries, ownership of capacity building efforts by recipient countries, and a focus on education, training, and building awareness.
Finally, we recommend ten actions for moving forward on adaptation under the Paris Agreement:
1. Commit to the era of adaptation implementation.
2. Increase finance for adaptation.
3. Define ‘adaptation’ in a way that is clear and widely accepted.
4. Outline a robust reporting system with common accounting methodologies.
5. Move toward substantive assessments of progress on adaptation.
6. Ensure that finance goes to the most vulnerable and under-supported.
7. Consider in-country issues with communication and coordination.
8. Simplify and support efforts to increase climate finance readiness.
9. Co-design adaptation action with local communities.
10. Reorient capacity building efforts to focus on the long term.
The report begins with an analysis of the changes in approaches to adaptation since the inception of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The analysis examines the latest generation of adaptation plans, in which the global community turns from conceptualizing and deliberating adaptation to action.
Chapter 2 introduces climate finance, a primary challenge in adaptation. There is a significant gap between funding for adaptation and funding for mitigation. Furthermore, the lack of transparency in global finance flows makes it difficult to track funding for adaptation. This chapter focuses on ten years of adaptation and resilience work in Southeast Asia in order to better understand the challenges and opportunities for climate finance.
Chapter 3 outlines key challenges for least developed countries (LDCs) in accessing climate finance, particularly from the Green Climate Fund. The complicated application process, along with the lack of clarity in the definition of adaptation as opposed to development, and an insufficient number of implementing agencies are barriers to acquiring adaptation finance.
The fourth chapter acknowledges the unique position of Latin American and Caribbean countries (LACs). LACs are among the countries most vulnerable to climate change. They have successfully made use of finance readiness programs through the Green Climate Fund. This chapter argues that, building on existing efforts, Parties to the UNFCCC should continue to assess vulnerable groups, communities, and ecosystems by seeking synergies between traditional and local knowledge in order to formulate reliable socioeconomic and environmental policies.
Chapter 5 examines monitoring, reporting, and verification practices in Latin America and the Caribbean. While developed countries have historically borne much of the onus for tracking adaptation finance, there is growing interest among recipient nations in improving their own systems. Beginning with an overview of climate finance flows to the region, this work discusses steps that Latin American and Caribbean countries are taking to improve climate finance tracking, and the importance of developing international guidelines.
Chapter 6 deals with accountability in climate adaptation. It is currently impossible to calculate the support received by developing countries because their Biennial Update Reports (BURs) lack comprehensive information. There is an urgent need for common methodologies, clear reporting guidelines, and building capacity for reporting to enhance transparency, promote accountability, and ensure that the support developing countries need fully aligns with the support they receive.
The seventh chapter emphasizes the importance of building capacity for the long term in developing countries. Drawing on other international development regimes, we identify common themes and best practices that can be applied to capacity building for climate change. These include participatory planning between and across developed and developing countries, ownership of capacity building efforts by recipient countries, and a focus on education, training, and building awareness.
Finally, we recommend ten actions for moving forward on adaptation under the Paris Agreement:
1. Commit to the era of adaptation implementation.
2. Increase finance for adaptation.
3. Define ‘adaptation’ in a way that is clear and widely accepted.
4. Outline a robust reporting system with common accounting methodologies.
5. Move toward substantive assessments of progress on adaptation.
6. Ensure that finance goes to the most vulnerable and under-supported.
7. Consider in-country issues with communication and coordination.
8. Simplify and support efforts to increase climate finance readiness.
9. Co-design adaptation action with local communities.
10. Reorient capacity building efforts to focus on the long term.